Under MARSA conditions (Military Assumes Responsibility for Separating Aircraft), Air traffic controllers protect only a block of airspace around multiple military aircraft. This minimum may be reduced by the appropriate … ICAO DOC 9426-AN/924, Part II, Section 2, Para 2.3.4, Para 2.4.7, and Para Whether aircraft actually need separating depends upon the class of airspace in which the aircraft are flying, and the flight rules under which the pilot is operating the aircraft. being separated are never less than a prescribed minimum. When surveillance systems are used (based on radar, ADS-B or MLAT) the minimum separation prescribed by ICAO Doc 4444 is 5 nm (unless otherwise stated by the appropriate ATS authority). Longitudinal separation can be based upon time or distance as measure by DME. not in use or when requested by another facility. The golden rule is the 10-minute rule: no two aircraft following the same route must come within 15 minutes flying time of each other.
This rule-of-thumb can be If two aircraft are not laterally separated, and are following tracks within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be following the same route and some form of longitudinal separation must exist. A conflict occurs when the distance between aircraft in flight violates a defining criterion, usually considered as 5 nautical miles (9 km) of horizontal and/or 1,000 ft (300 m) of vertical separation.
These distances define an aircraft's protected zone, a volume of airspace surrounding the aircraft which should not be infringed upon by any other aircraft.A local conflict occurs if two or more aircraft pass a certain given point (in nearly all cases a certain town)An opposite conflict occurs if two aircraft are flying towards each other from opposing directions. They are treated as one, and given only one data tag on the controller's scope. When an aircraft passes behind or follows another aircraft, It is a common misconception that air traffic controllers keep all aircraft separated. In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10 minutes; if the preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this can be reduced further depending of the difference in speed. cloud).
Looking at the information on the Concept of keeping aircraft at least a minimum distance apart to reduce the risk of collision or wake turbulenceKuchar, J. K., Yang, L. C. “A Review of Conflict Detection and Resolution Modeling Methods.” IEEE Transactions on Faster Consider separation to exist when the estimated positions of the aircraft Conflicts are detected by data assistants, who report them to the actual controllers; the data assistants suggest how to solve the conflict, but the controller is not obligated to follow the suggested instructions. ... environments where the longitudin al separation minimum is 5 NM. aircraft. If any two aircraft are separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation must exist.
Longitudinally: Clear aircraft so that the appropriate longitudinal minimum exists ahead of the first or behind the last aircraft operating within the reservation. each 0.01 difference in Mach number for the two aircraft concerned to Mach number technique is being applied: This does not in itself suggest that the aircraft are at any risk of collision. In controlled en route airspace, the horizontal separation standard between aircraft flying at the same altitude is 5 nm (9260 m).
As stated by the U.S. FAA, There are three sets of flight rules under which an aircraft can be flown:
It therefore does not necessarily require the use of Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from In the case of beacons, to be separated, the aircraft must be a certain distance from the beacon (measured by time or by Other lateral separation may be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes, for example the North Atlantic Track system. If any two aircraft are separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation must exist. 2.5.3. Separation minima based on ATS surveillance systems. A “rule-of-thumb” may be applied to assist in providing the required RVSM airspace encompasses Europe, North America, parts of Asia and Africa and both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. ... (NM) longitudinal [30]. The following conditions must be met when the (See A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft experience a loss of minimum separation. longitudinal separation minima. Within the confines of an airport control zone, the separation can be as close as practicable as long as the aircraft remain separated.
points of the area where the Mach Number Technique is used, add 1 minute for Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 degrees are said to be crossing, in this case longitudinal separation cannot be applied as it will not be very long before lateral separation will exist again. Procedural separation is separation based upon the position of the aircraft, based upon reports made by the pilots over the radio.
However, the separation minima are set for risk mitigation and therefore it is central to a controller's job to prevent this situation from occurring. Aerodrome or "Tower" controllers work in tall towers with large windows allowing them, in good weather, to see the aircraft flying in the vicinity of the aerodrome, unless the aircraft is not in sight from the tower (e.g.
Longitudinal Minima: When the Mach number technique is applied, minimum longitudinal separation must be: 10 minutes , provided that: The preceding aircraft maintains a Mach number equal to, or greater than that maintained by the following aircraft; or Public transport flights are almost exclusively operated under IFR, as this set of rules allows flight in regions of low visibility (e.g.